Beyond the Myths: Unearthing Viking Women Through Artefacts

11 May 2024

Viking jewelry, currently on display at the National Museum of Scotland

For centuries, the image of the fierce Viking warrior, axe in hand, has dominated our understanding of this fascinating culture. But what about the other half of Viking society? What about the women who navigated this world of raids, trade, and exploration?

While written records from the Viking Age (circa 750-1100 CE) are scant and often biased, a different kind of narrative emerges from the ground. Artefacts, those silent witnesses to the past, are rewriting the story of Viking women, revealing their roles, responsibilities, and influence in a society more complex than we ever imagined.

From intricately crafted jewellery to household tools imbued with skill, and even weapons found in female graves, these artefacts on Viking women challenge our preconceived notions and paint a vibrant picture of their lives. No longer confined to the domestic sphere as previously assumed, these women emerge as powerful figures, integral to the economic, religious, and even military aspects of Viking society.

Join us as we delve into the fascinating world of Viking women, exploring the archaeological treasures that are reshaping our understanding of their lives, their power, and their enduring legacy. We will unearth the stories behind brooches and beads, spindles and swords, and uncover the women who wore, used, and wielded them, leaving their indelible mark on history.

Let's journey beyond the myths and legends, and listen to the whispers of the past etched in every artefact, to discover the true story of Viking women.

One of the most significant challenges in understanding Viking women through artefacts lies in interpretation. Unlike written records that explicitly state names and roles, artefacts require careful analysis and contextualisation. For instance, the presence of a sword in a female grave doesn't automatically signify a warrior woman. It could be a symbol of status, a family heirloom, or represent a range of other meanings depending on burial customs and the specific geographical region.

However, advancements in archaeological techniques, combined with a more nuanced approach to studying gender roles in the past, are helping researchers overcome these hurdles. Isotope analysis of bones and teeth can reveal diets and geographical origins, while studying the wear patterns on tools can offer insights into daily activities and skill levels. By combining these scientific methods with careful observation of the artefacts themselves, a clearer picture of Viking women's lives begins to emerge.

For example, the discovery of weaving tools and textile fragments at various Viking Age settlements testifies to the importance of textile production, a domain largely managed by women. These weren't just simple chores; they were highly skilled crafts. The intricate designs and complex weaving techniques evident in surviving pieces demonstrate the artistry and expertise of these craftswomen. Moreover, the discovery of loom weights far from established settlements hints at the possibility of women travelling for trade, challenging the notion of them being solely homebound.

Similarly, the widespread presence of oval brooches, often beautifully crafted from bronze or silver, reveals more than just a fashion statement. These brooches, worn in pairs to fasten clothing, were integral to Viking women's attire and served as powerful symbols of status, wealth, and identity. The intricate designs, often incorporating animal motifs or geometric patterns, reflect regional styles and cultural influences, providing valuable insights into trade networks and social connections.

Perhaps the most intriguing artefacts are those that defy easy categorisation, prompting further investigation and pushing the boundaries of our understanding. Take, for instance, the Oseberg ship burial, discovered in Norway in 1904. This well-preserved Viking Age ship contained the remains of two women, surrounded by a wealth of grave goods, including elaborate sleds, wagons, textiles, and even a sacrificed horse. The identity of these women and the meaning behind their lavish burial remain a subject of debate, but their high status and potential roles as religious figures or societal leaders are undeniable.

The study of artefacts on Viking women is not merely an academic exercise; it has the power to challenge our assumptions and broaden our understanding of the past. By uncovering the lives of these women, we gain a more complete and nuanced picture of Viking society as a whole – a society where women were not relegated to the sidelines but were active participants, shaping their world in profound ways.

The artefacts left behind by Viking women are keys to unlocking a richer, more inclusive history. As we continue to unearth and interpret these treasures, we open a window into the lives of these remarkable women, their skills, their beliefs, and their enduring legacy. They stand as testament to the strength, resilience, and influence of women throughout history, reminding us that the past is never truly silent as long as we have the will to listen.